Organic neem oil and insecticidal soap sprays

Neem oil and insecticidal soap are the two most widely used organic sprays for soft-bodied insect control in food gardens. Neem oil (cold-pressed from neem tree seeds) contains azadirachtin, which disrupts insect feeding, growth, and reproduction. It is effective against aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, mealybugs, and some caterpillars. Mix pure cold-pressed neem oil at 2 tablespoons per gallon of water with a few drops of liquid castile soap as an emulsifier. Spray on all leaf surfaces (top and bottom) in the early morning or evening, never in direct sunlight or temperatures above 90 degrees F, as it can burn foliage. Insecticidal soap (potassium salts of fatty acids, brands: Safer Brand, Dr. Bronner's diluted) kills soft-bodied insects on contact by dissolving their waxy exoskeleton. It has zero residual effect, meaning it only works on direct contact. Mix at 2-3 tablespoons per gallon of water. Both products are OMRI-listed for organic use and safe for food crops when applied as directed. Neither harms bees unless sprayed directly on them. Both break down rapidly (neem: 1-3 days in sunlight, soap: immediately upon drying). Reapply every 5-7 days during active infestations. These are treatment sprays, not preventive; use only when pest populations are observed.